Fluid Mechanics - Lecture Notes

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Unit-I

1. Introduction
   • Differences between fluid and solid
   • Differences between gas and liquid
2. Types of fluids:
   • Newtonian & non-Newtonian fluids
   • Compressible & incompressible fluids
3. Physical properties:
   • Viscosity
   • Vapor pressure
   • Compressibility and Bulkmodulus
   • Surface tension
   • Capillarity
   • Problems - SurfaceTension
4. Fluid statics:
   • Pascal's law for pressure at a pointin a fluid
   • Variation of pressure in a Static fluid
   • Absolute and gauge pressure,vacuum
5. Pressure Measurement
• Fluid Pressure
• Barometers
• Piezo meters
• Manometers:
  • Introduction
  • Simple U-tube manometer
  • Inverted U-tube manometer
  • Manometer with one leg enlarged
  • Two fluid U-tube manometer
  • Inclined U-tube manometer
  • Manometer - limitations
• Pressure gauges - Bourdon gauge
6. Buoyancy - principles
7. Units and Dimensions
8. Similitude and model studies:
   • Kinematic and dynamic similarities
   • DimensionalAnalysis:
   • Rayleigh's method
   • Buckingham pi method
   • Important DimensionlessNumbers

Unit -II

1. Fluid flow:
   • Stream line
   • Stream tube
   • Steady & Uniform flows
   • One-dimensional & multidimensional flow
   • Equation of continuity
   • Energy equation - Bernoulli's equation
   • Tank training problem
   • Momentum equation
   • Toricellie equation
   • Trajectory of a liquid-jet issued upwards in the atmosphere
   • Trajectory of a jet issued from an orifice at the side of a tank
   • Water Hammer
   • Laminar and Turbulent flow
2. Boundary layer concepts:
   • Introduction
   • Development of boundary layer for flow over a flat plate
   • Development of boundary layer for flow through circular pipe
   • Entry length
   • Fully developed flow
   • Boundary layer separation
3. Flow of incompressible fluid in pipes:
   • Laminar flow
   • Hagen Poiseuille equation
   • Friction factor
   • Pressure drop in turbulent flow
   • Velocity Distribution for turbulent flow
   • Surface roughness
   • Flow through non-circular pipes
   • Flow through curved pipes
   • Expansion losses
   • Contraction losses
   • Losses for flow through fittings
   • Equivalent length of pipe fittings
4. Types of flow problems
5. Compressible fluid flow:
   • Equations of compressible flow
   • Velocity of sound in fluid
   • Mach number
   • Nozzles & diffusers
   • Maximum velocity
6. Two dimensional flow:
   • Velocity potential
   • Potential function
   • Irrotational flow

Unit -III

1. Closed channel flow measurement:
   • Venturi meter
   • Orifice meter
   • Venturi - Orifice Comparison
   • Pitot tube
   • Rotameter
   • Flow measurement based on Doppler effect
   • Hot wire and hot film anemometer
   • Magnetic flow meter
2. Open channel flow measurement:
   • Elementary theory of weirs and notches
   • Rectangular notch
   • V-notch
   • Suppressed and contracted weirs
   • Submerged weirs
   • Trapezoidal notch

Unit -IV

1. Flow past immersed bodies:
   • Form drag
   • Wall drag
   • Drag coefficients
2. Friction in flow through bed of solids:
   • Blake-Kozeny Equation
   • Burke-Plummer Equation
   • Ergun equation
3. Packed Towers:
   • Applications
   • Various types of packing
   • Requirements for a good packing
   • Loading and Flooding
4. Fluidization:
   • Minimum fluidizing velocity
   • Pressure Drop in Fluidized bed
   • Fluidization Types
5. Motion of particle through fluid
6. Terminal settling velocity
7. Operating ranges of fluidization
8. Applications of fluidization
9. Pneumatic transport

Unit -V

1. Transportation of fluids:
   • Pump classifications:
   • Suction, discharge , net pressure heads, specific speed and power calculations
   • NPSH
2. Characteristics and constructional details of centrifugal pumps
   • Cavitation
   • Priming
3. Positive displacement pumps:
   • Piston pumps - single and double acting
   • Plunger pumps
   • Diaphragm pump
4. Rotary pumps
   • Gear pumps
   • Lobe pumps
   • Screw pumps
5. Airlift pump
6. Jet pump
7. Selection of pumps
8. Fans, blowers, and compressors

Appendix

• Key Contributors to Fluid Mechanics

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